Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes investigados para apneia obstrutiva do sono em um ambulatório privado de cardiologia no município de Santa Maria

• Ano de defesa: 2024
• Autor(a) principal: Teixeira, Fernanda Fogaça
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Brasil; Ciências da Saúde; UFSM; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos
• Palavras-chave em Português: Perfil epidemiológico; Apneia obstrutiva do sono; Fatores de risco de doenças cardíacas; Epidemiological profile; Obstructive sleep apnea; Heart disease risk factors; CNPQ::CIENCIAS DA SAUDE
• Link de acesso: http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/33399

OSA is common and characterized by repeated apneas and hypopneas during sleep due to collapse of the upper airways. It can have a significant impact on physical and mental health and, if left untreated, is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Diagnosis is based on sleep history and polysomnography. Treatment is with continuous positive airway pressure via the nasal route, oral appliances and, in refractory cases, surgery. The prognosis is good with treatment. The main risk factors for OSA are associated with male gender, advanced age, obesity and increased neck circumference, and additional risk associated with ethnicity, family history and craniofacial dysmorphisms. Risk factors include modifiable ones such as obesity and smoking, and non-modifiable ones such as age, gender and age group. Obesity plays a central role in chronic non-communicable diseases, due to its high prevalence and strong association with risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus, and with morbidity and mortality. Data were collected from outpatients followed at a private cardiology center in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The convenience sample consisted of 180 individuals of both sexes who underwent type IV polysomnography evaluation from October 2021 to May 2024. Anthropometric measurements of weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index and classify nutritional status. 34.4% were women, with a mean age of 59.6 ± 13.1 years. Most of those evaluated had hypertension (79.4%), did not have Diabetes Mellitus (74.4%) and did (25.6%). The studied population presented means close to adequacy. The mean BMI of the patients was 31.0 ± 5.2 kg/m², with obesity prevailing at 55%. In the polysomnography, they were classified as normal (26.1%), mild (30.0%), moderate (27.2%) and severe (16.7%). Thus, the evaluation of the epidemiological profile of patients with suspected OSA revealed a significant frequency of this condition. The sample was predominantly composed of elderly males, with a higher frequency of overweight and obesity. Patients with moderate or severe apnea had a significantly higher mean Body Mass Index (BMI) compared to those without apnea or with mild apnea (P<0.001). In addition, it was found that obesity was more frequently associated with cases of severe apnea, while eutrophic patients did not present cases of apnea (P<0.001). The analysis also revealed that hypertensive patients had a significantly higher prevalence of severe apnea compared to those without hypertension (P=0.010). Similarly, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had a higher frequency of severe apnea compared to patients without DM (P=0.010). Other associations and comparisons performed in the study, such as age, gender and lipid profile, did not present statistical significance.