Própolis bruta e extrato etanólico de própolis na alimentação de frangos de corte
| Ano de defesa: | 2012 |
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| Autor(a) principal: | |
| Orientador(a): | |
| Banca de defesa: | |
| Tipo de documento: | Tese |
| Tipo de acesso: | Acesso aberto |
| Idioma: | por |
| Instituição de defesa: |
Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia UEM Maringá, PR Centro de Ciências Agrárias |
| Programa de Pós-Graduação: |
Não Informado pela instituição
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| Departamento: |
Não Informado pela instituição
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| País: |
Não Informado pela instituição
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| Palavras-chave em Português: | |
| Link de acesso: | http://repositorio.uem.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/1607 |
Resumo: | Four experiments were carried out aiming to evaluate the supplementation effect of crude propolis (PBr) and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on zootechnical, immune parameters and cecal microbiota of broilers chickens. Exp I and II - In each experiment, 1,020 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and five replicates. Treatments in Exp I consisted of diets containing 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm of EEP and for the Exp II the diets contained 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm of PBr. The experimental diets were administered from the 1st to the 21st day of life, and after this period a diet based on corn and soybean meal was provided. Exp I ? The supplementation of the EEP in the period from the 1st to the 7th day negatively affected (P<0.05) weight gain and feed intake of animals. The relative proventriculus weight in the seventh day showed a quadratic behavior (P<0.05), with lowest weight at the level of 2865 ppm of EEP. At the 21st day, the birds supplemented with EEP at the levels of 2943 and 3047 ppm had higher rates (P<0.05) regarding crypt depth and villus-to-crypt ratio in the duodenum, respectively. On the 7th and the 21st days there was a linear response (P<0.05) for duodenal and jejunum sucrose activity, respectively. The pancreatic enzyme activity was unaffected (P>0.05). Although no improvements occurred on carcass and cuts yield, a reduction was observed (P<0.05) on the percentage of abdominal fat. No changes were observed (P>0.05) for total cholesterol, triglyceride and alanine aminotransferase enzyme (ALT), however, the aspartate aminotransferase enzyme (AST) showed a quadratic behavior (P<0.05), with lower activity at the level of 3735 ppm of EEP. The supplementation of the broiler pre-starter diet with 1000-5000 ppm of the EEP impaired performance at this stage, most likely due to the decreased in the sucrase activity. However, the EEP improved intestinal morphometry at 21 days and did not affect the performance or carcass yield at 42 days. Exp II - The PBr supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. On the 7th and the 21st days there was a linear and quadratic behavior (P<0.05) for relative weight of gizzard and large intestine, respectively, with lower weight of the large intestine at the level of 278 ppm of PBr. On the 21st day there was a quadratic behavior to crypt depth in the ileum, with the highest value found at the level of 323 ppm of PBr. On the 21st day there was a linear increase response (P<0.05) for sucrase in the jejunum and a quadratic response (P<0.05) for maltase in the ileum, which higher activity predicted at a dose of 292 ppm of crude propolis. In relation to pancreatic enzymes, amylase activity was the only one reduced (P<0.05) in animals fed with 100 and 300 ppm of crude propolis at 21st days. The PBr supplementation gave a positive linear effect (P<0.05) on carcass yield, however, it did not affect (P>0.05) the yield of cuts. No changes were observed (P>0.05) in triglyceride level, ALT and AST activities, however, treatments with 400 and 500 ppm of PBr had higher (P<0.05) cholesterol levels compared to control. The addition of PBr in the diets did not influence the performance parameters, despite the benefits regarding carcass yield and intestinal morphophysiology. Exp III and IV - 192 and 168 broilers were used, respectively, they were raised in metabolism cages until the 21st day. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and eight replicates for EEP and seven replicates for PBr. The experimental diets corresponded to the same used in the Exp I and II. In the Exp III - The inclusion of the EEP gave a quadratic effect (P<0.05) for relative weight of spleen and cloacal bursa, with the lowest weights at the level of 2946 ppm and 2985 ppm of EEP, respectively. It was observed a reduction (P<0.05) in the percentage of monocyte to the inclusion of 3000 ppm of EEP when compared to control. The phagocytic activity of the macrophages, the average number of the phagocytized red cells and nitric oxide production were not affected (P>0.05). The interdigital response to phytohemagglutinin showed negative linear and quadratic behavior (P<0.05) as a function of time and levels of inclusion, respectively, being the smallest value of the reaction with the level of 3074 ppm of EEP. The animals showed a linear increase (P<0.05) of serum antibodies against Newcastle disease. The EEP showed to be able to provide better humoral immune response. In relation to cecal microbiota, the inclusion of EEP gave a linear decrease (P<0.05) on the Gammaproteobacteria population. There was an increase (P<0.05) in the percentage of occurrence of Gammaproteobacteria group to the inclusion of 1000 ppm of EEP when compared to control. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the percentage of Clostridiaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae group. The supplementation of EEP in the diets was able to decrease the population of Gammaproteobacteria in the ceca of broiler chickens. In the Exp IV - The inclusion of PBr did not affect (P>0.05) relative weights of lymphoid. |