A teoria da justiça de Amartya Sen: liberdade e desenvolvimento sustentável

• Ano de defesa: 2009
• Autor(a) principal: Zambam, Neuro José
• Orientador(a): Oliveira Junior, Nythamar Hilario Fernandes de
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre
• Palavras-chave em Português: FILOSOFIA; SEN, AMARTYA - CRÍTICA E INTERPRETAÇÃO; DEMOCRACIA; DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL; IGUALDADE; LIBERDADE; JUSTIÇA (FILOSOFIA)
• Link de acesso: http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3497

The ideal of justice is the most important goal of social organization, present in different stages of human history. Its foundation becomes more vital considering the glaring inequalities that plague societies characterized by the accelerated process of globalization. At the same time, there is an unprecedented increase in the production of goods, technological innovation and communication skills. Such a contradiction threatens the legitimacy and the social political, economic, and cultural stability that accounts for, in many regards, the imbalance of the relationship between people and between countries. The social order that gives priority to the access to goods, the maximization of individual liberty and evaluates human conduct and social organization for its use is not sufficient for the equalization of serious contemporary dilemmas. Specifically, inequalities symbolized by the distribution of assets in limited forms of political participation, the indiscriminate use of available resources and the disability or lack of mechanisms and democratic institutions demonstrate the fragility of social structures in the same way that prevent the conditions for justice. The differences, in turn, are characteristics that make up the dynamic of nature, of human action and the functioning of society. These, unlike inequalities, streamline and contribute to the evolution of a social, fair organization. To disregard them would represent the choice of a linear social organization, which excludes the value of substantive moral liberty, essential for the construction of justice. Amartya Sen's Theory of Justice, structured from the substantive moral value of liberty, is crucial for the implementation and evaluation of justice in contemporary societies. From this perspective, people have the right conditions for the exercise of substantive liberties, the choice of a set of functioning rules essential for the development of capabilities and, as active subjects, to work towards a just social structure. The philosophical foundation, integrated with the reflection of economics, characterizes an approach that allows for the inclusion, in addition to individual and collective interests, of the necessary conditions for a social architecture committed to the values and resources of democracy, that proved to be the system of social organization which, given its many resources and tools, respects, streamlines and strengthens the differences within it, equally addressing the deficiencies and inequalities, managing internal and external demands in view of the realization of justice. Therefore, a just society is also free, sustainable, and democratic. The current development model, which essentially prioritizes economic growth, increased production and consumption, the access to new technologies and the expansion of trade, has no moral legitimacy because it limits the person to the condition of means for the attainment of the objectives previously planned, indiscriminately using natural resources without the necessary assessment of the impacts and consequences for the environmental balance and social relations, just as it renders impossible the conditions for the safe existence of future generations. The development model that excels in sustainability is an ideal that encourages and fairly guides the structuring of relationships between people, with the available natural resources for future generations and oriented by the substantive moral value of freedom. The role of the state, the market and other institutions, granted their specific characteristics, occurs in an integrated and complementary way, so as to enhance democracy and strengthen the construction of justice. A conception of justice that has reference to the substantive moral value of freedom is of particular concern for the stability and legitimacy of societies represented primarily in the service of human needs, in the relations between different cultures, the principle of sustainability in international relations and the option and consolidation of democratic framework, without which one cannot justify the conditions of equality and social justice.