Impactos do descarte de esgoto nas praias da ilha de Itacuruçá e percepção ambiental da população sobre os impactos da poluição

• Ano de defesa: 2018
• Autor(a) principal: Elias, Monica Maciel
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Positivo; Brasil; Pós-Graduação; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental; UP
• Palavras-chave em Português: Gestão ambiental; Escherichia coli; Água - Poluição; CNPQ::CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS; CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA SANITARIA
• Link de acesso: https://repositorio.cruzeirodosul.edu.br/handle/123456789/1856

Pollution in estuaries can cause impacts capable of degrading the environment, affecting the fauna, flora, population’s daily life and the region’s economy. Bay of Sepetiba (BS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is an estuary of great economic importance, where hundreds of industries and three ports are located, and the region is also explored by the tourism trade. Itacuruçá Island (IT), located in the interior of BS, is made up of sixteen beaches, where communities of former fishermen live, most of whom work to provide assistance to vacationers and tourists who go to the beaches. The present paper investigated the anthropic impacts that the environmental degradation has caused on this island and it evaluated the influences of the external environmental impacts on this environment. Considering that the environmental degradation of the BS region may lead to impacts on IT, a bibliometric study of the research was carried out at the bay and published between the years 2000 and 2017. Then, a scientometric study of these publications was carried out and which provided the understanding of the pollution history from metallic pollutants, environmental impacts observed by researchers and the existing gaps. In order to focus on the IT research, five beaches in the island were studied, according to the following criteria: higher population density on weekends (Quatiquara-P1, Águas Lindas-P2, Praia Grande-P4 and Gamboa-P5), more inhabitants (P5) and lower number of inhabitants and tourists (Maria Russa-P3). In order to also know the impacts observed by the population, a survey of the environmental perception was carried out through interviews with 446 passers-by in the occupied beaches (P1, P2, P4 e P5), guided by a qualitative-quantitative questionnaire. Due to the small number of papers related to the influences of sewage in natura dispersion in BS, the influences of this pollutant in the five studied beaches were evaluated. The following analyses were carried out in this paper: physical-chemical (OD, pH and temperature) and microbiological (total and thermo-tolerant coliforms and resistance of strains of Escherichia coli to at least one of the antibiotics: imipenem, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefazolin, aztreonam, ampicillin + sulbactam, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidine, ceftriaxone and polymyxin B and levofloxacin. In the bibliometric research, 252 articles were found where the main subjects studied were: zoology, ecology and environmental impacts in animals (55% of articles), analyses of pollutants in the environment, fauna and flora (35%) and varied subjects (10%). The significant number of publications dealing with pollutants is due to the presence of industrial complexes that eliminate effluents, mainly metallic, in the rivers that flow in the BS or in the bay itself. The analyzed publications showed that the pollutants can be found throughout the bay’s extension and the impacts of this contamination are already perceived by the region’s residents. According to the microbiological analyses, beaches P1 and P5 presented the highest values of microbial load in the order of 10³ NMP.100 mL-1, corresponded to the worst values of bathing among the studied beaches. The multivariate analysis enabled a model to be able to explain 86.70% of the variances, and the microbiological results presented the greatest contribution to the observed impacts. Fifteen of the 18 isolated strains showed resistance to antibiotics, reaching values of multi-resistance to 13 antibiotics in periods of overpopulation. The analysis of the main components suggested that P1 and P5 have greater microbiological activity probably influenced by the proximity to the continent and by the greater number of vacationers and tourists in P1 and residents in P5. The strains were resistant to the antibiotics: imipenem (in P1, P2, P3 and P5), chloramphenicol (in P1, P2 and P5), tetracycline (in P1, P4 and P5), ampicillin and cefazolin (in P2, P4 and P5), aztreonam, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidine, ceftriaxone, ampicillin + sulbactam and polymyxin B (all in P2 and P5), Levofloxacin (in P2). The strains were multi-resistant to more than one class of antibiotics and were observed only in the high season: P1 (November/2016, IRA=0,1), P2 (March/2016, IRA=0,6), P4 (November/2015 IRA=0,1) and P5 (November/2015; March, October and November/2016, highest IRA=0,5). The qualitative research provided 446 interviews with residents, vacationers and tourists, where it was observed that the perception of the population valued the visual pollution prioritizing the garbage dispensed on the beaches, an impact cited by 58 % of the interviewees. Despite the fact that there is no sewage treatment throughout the region, the impacts from sewage pollution were only observed in an article, in interviews it was verified that the population is unaware of the impacts of inadequate sewage dispersion, since only 2% of the population interviewed stated this impact. Only residents from beach P5 declared the need of sewage treatment, justifying that the high number of houses has impacted this beach, which was confirmed in this paper through literature and the microbiological analyses. However, with the microbiological analyses, it was possible to conclude that the fecal contamination is present in all the studied beaches. This shows that the studied environment is impacted and that it is necessary an immediate action by the management of these municipalities favoring public health in order to maintain the resilience of the place and eliminate the foci of contamination.