Improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by hybridization for increased tolerance towards inhibitors from second-generation ethanol substrate

• Ano de defesa: 2015
• Autor(a) principal: Basso, Thalita Peixoto
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: eng
• Instituição de defesa: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
• Palavras-chave em Português: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; adaptive evolution; breeding; Cruzamentos; Etanol de segunda-geração; Evolução adaptativa; Hidrolisado lignocelulósico; inhibitors; Inibidores; lignocellulosic hydrolysate; second-generation ethanol; tolerance; Tolerância
• Link de acesso: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-29042015-132341/

Global climate change and volatility of petroleum price have driven the necessity to reduce fossil fuel utilization and replace it by renewable energy. Bioethanol production in the United States and Brazil from cornstarch and sugarcane, respectively, is already established. However, the bioethanol industry appears unsustainable in view of the potential stress that its production places on food commodities. In contrast, second-generation biofuels produced from cheap and abundant lignocellulosic biomass, has been viewed as one plausible solution to this \"food versus fuel\" problem. Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant source of lignocellulosic biomass in Brazil and is generally recognized as a very promising feedstock for lignocellulosic ethanol production. Nevertheless, inhibitors such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and carboxylic acids are formed during an acid thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, which has a negative effect on the fermentative microorganisms - Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Second-generation (2G) ethanol in Brazil has the possibility to use a novel substrate, prepared as a blend of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and cane molasses. Molasses supplements the nutritional deficiencies of bagasse hydrolysate, contributing with minerals, amino acids and vitamins. However, molasses also contains additional inhibitors, such as HMF, sulfite, and toxic concentration of some minerals (K, Ca), which affect S. cerevisiae fermentation performance. The goal of this work was to generate tolerant derivatives of S. cerevisiae industrial strains that are able to cope with inhibitors present in bagasse hydrolysate and molasses, by means of sexual hybridization and adaptive evolution, which can be used for 2G-ethanol production. The industrial strains PE-2, CAT-1 and SA-1 were sporulated, and haploids were irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light in order to increase genetic and phenotypic diversity. After direct mating and screening in molasses and hydrolysate media, 234 hybrid strains were selected for further study. In parallel, mass matings (intra and interlines) of PE-2, CAT-1 and SA-1 from non-irradiated haploids were performed and the generated strains were subjected to adaptive evolution for about 100 generations. The 120 strains derived from mass mating and adaptive evolution were then screened for growth in molasses-hydrolysate media. Six isolates showed good fermentation properties compared to the reference strains, showing that hybridization and adaptive evolution of Brazilian industrial yeast strains was a good strategy to develop new tolerant strains for 2G-ethanol production. To better utilize all the sugars present in bagasse hydrolysate, a cassette containing the three genes responsible for xylose fermentation (xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulose kinase) was integrated into the genome of a haploid derivative (272-1a) of one of the six selected hybrids (272), which had the highest tolerance to Miscanthus x giganteus hydrolysate. Fermentation studies demonstrated that this engineered strain was able to metabolize xylose into ethanol. Finally, the haploid 272-1a was analyzed by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to identify the genetic basis of hydrolysate tolerance. Although the causative gene(s) were not identified in this work, a number of QTL peaks were identified that will serve as the starting point for future fine-mapping studies.