Programação metabólica e obesidade: overview of reviews e estudo observacional envolvendo crianças do interior do Rio Grande do Sul

• Ano de defesa: 2015
• Autor(a) principal: Corral, Seméia de Oliveira
• Orientador(a): Bodanese, Luiz Carlos
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul
• Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde
• Departamento: Faculdade de Medicina
• País: Brasil
• Palavras-chave em Português: MEDICINA; OBESIDADE; SOBREPESO; SAÚDE DA CRIANÇA; DIABETES GESTACIONAL
• Área do conhecimento CNPq: CIENCIAS DA SAUDE::MEDICINA
• Link de acesso: http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6439

Background: Obesity represents a global epidemic in both adults and children. Several factors associated with the parents seem to affect the offspring weight. In addition, maternal overweight and obesity seem to be associated with a series of comorbidities and negative outcomes in offspring. Objective: This thesis has two main objectives: (1) To conduct an overview of reviews, it means, to summarize the evidences from systematic reviews on the association between maternal overweight and obesity and offspring outcomes; and (2) To conduct an observational study to assess the effects of maternal overweight and obesity on offspring BMI. Secondarily, we aimed to evaluate the impact of diabetes, gestational diabetes, hypertension and gestational hypertension on the BMI of children aged between 6 and 10 years. Methods: To address the objectives of this thesis, we conducted two studies, corresponding to the two aims mentioned above. Study 1: Overview of Reviews. An electronic search (from their inception date up to September 2014) was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE and Lilacs. Limits and restrictions for date and language were not used. We conducted an analysis of references and citation of the included systematic reviews. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of each systematic review according to the AMSTAR criteria. Quality was evidence was evaluated, and we provide a descriptive analysis of the findings. Study 2: Cross-sectional study derived from a cohort. We included 848 children aged 6 to 10 years. We evaluated weight, height and body mass index (BMI) of children and parents. A questionnaire was administered to parents to collect the following information: previous hypertension, hypertension during pregnancy, previous diabetes, gestational diabetes, education and socioeconomic level of the parents. The Research Ethics Committee approved the study and the parents signed the informed consent. Results: Study 1: Maternal overweight and obesity were demonstrated to be associated with stillbirth, fetal death and infant death. Being overweight or slightly obese seem to not modify the overall risk for preterm birth, the risk of induced preterm birth was increased in overweight and obese women. Congenital defects such as neural tube defect, spina bifida, cardiovascular anomalies, septal anomalies, cleft palate, cleft lip and palate, anorectal atresia, hydrocephaly, and limb reduction anomalies. The risk of gastroschisis among obese mothers was reduced. There was limited data on neurodevelopmental outcomes, anorectal malformations in offspring, and risk of testicular cancer. Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with risk of asthma and wheezing in children, and has a negative impact on the immediate postpartum care for both mother and baby. Study 2: We found that mothers with overweight and obesity have more often overweight and obese children than normal weight mothers. The same relationship was observed for fathers. Furthermore, it was found that mothers who develop hypertension during pregnancy have more often children with overweight and obesity. However, the association was not observed when other factors such as pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes and pre-gestational hypertension were evaluated. Conclusion: Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with a number of complications for both the mother when the baby in the short, medium and long term. It is suggested that guidelines for weight maintenance for women who plan on becoming pregnant should definitely consider these results in order to reduce maternal overweight and obesity rates and its negative impact on children.