Development of leaves in ferns under the Agnes Arber\'s continuum view of plant morphology

• Ano de defesa: 2018
• Autor(a) principal: Cruz, Rafael
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: eng
• Instituição de defesa: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
• Palavras-chave em Português: Anatomia vegetal; Desenvolvimento; Development; Expressão gênica; Gene expression; Plant anatomy
• Link de acesso: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-22082018-105645/

Classical Morphology in Plant Sciences requires a typological view of plant organs. This usually implies in classifying stem, leaf and root as basic and well-defined unities. Ferns are the most diverse group of non-flowering plants and occupy a key position in the land plants phylogeny. Their leaves are usually understood as homologous to those of seed-plants. Still, they bear intriguing features, like a leaf apical meristem bearing a distinct apical cell, and that may be many times divided, resembling the activity of a whole shoot. We present a study about the leaf development in some leptosporangiate ferns of different morphologies to better understand how these structures may have evolved and the possible homologies between their ontogenetic processes. Class I KNOX genes expression was analyzed in the heteroblastic fern Mickelia scandens, as they are related to organ determinacy in angiosperms. The two copies of Class I KNOX are expressed even in determined structures, like pinnae. But a reduction of the quantity of transcript is related to the development of the less determinate frond form that occurs in terrestrial individuals. Using classic anatomical tools, we studied the development of leaves in ferns related to Mickelia scandens that present different morphologies. In addition, we observed natural occurring mutants in a collection. The basic structure of apical cells is essentially well conserved in all the group. Marginal cells, classically pointed as part of the marginal meristem, may repeat in some degree the activity of the leaf apical cell. Changes in the structure and activity of these structures may be the reason why simple-leaved ferns of the genus Elaphoglossum do not make compound leaves and why usual leaf morphology may change, producing anomalous structures. We discuss this data based on Agnes Arber concepts of partial-shoot and identity-in-parallel, proposing an interpretation of the fern leaf not as a well-defined organ, but a product of ontogenetic processes, some of them typical of the shoot