Use of 15 N to estimate microbial contamination and protein degradation of concentrate feeds and the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein on methane emission and nitrogen losses in Nellore bulls

• Ano de defesa: 2016
• Autor(a) principal: Menezes, Ana Clara Baião
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: eng
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa
• Palavras-chave em Português: Bovino - Nutrição animal; Proteína na nutrição animal; Bovino - Digestão; Digestibilidade; Rúmen; Nutrição e Alimentação Animal
• Link de acesso: http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7955

This study was developed based on two experiments conducted on the feedlot and Animal Laboratory of Animal Science Department of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, and the results are shown in two chapters. The aim of the first study was to use 15 N to estimate the microbial contamination (MC) of crude protein (CP) fractions that were soluble (a) as well as insoluble but potentially degradable (b), and the digestion rate of fraction b (kd), as well as to determine the incubation time necessary to estimate the rumen degradable protein (RDP) of energy and protein feeds when considering two outflow rates (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 h -1 ). Twelve types of feeds were evaluated, with six energy concentrates: wheat bran, rice meal, ground corn, ground sorghum, ground corn cob, and soybean hulls; and six protein concentrates: cottonseed meal 38% CP, soybean meal, ground bean, peanut meal, sunflower meal, and corn gluten meal. The feeds were divided into 4 groups and were incubated in the rumens of 4 crossbred bulls. The feed samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h. To determine the MC of the incubated residues, ruminal bacteria were labeled with 15 N via continuous intraruminal infusion of 15 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Ruminal digesta were collected for the isolation of bacteria before the first infusion of 15 N during the acclimation period, and after the infusion of 15 N during the collection period. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the parameters a, b, and kd, corrected and uncorrected, for all feeds that were evaluated. All of the feed tests followed an exponential model of degradation and the model fitted well to the data, except for corn gluten meal, probably because the maximum incubation time that was used (72 h) was not long enough to allow for an accurate estimation of the degradation profile. The cluster analysis (R2 = 0.944) allowed for the grouping of feeds into three different groups according to the necessary incubation time to estimate RDP. The first was formed by the high-starch energy concentrates (15.4 ± 0.46 h), the second by the low-starch energy concentrates (6.8 ± 0.60 h), and the third by the protein concentrates (9.9 ± 0.41) while considering a kp of 0.05h -1 . In conclusion, the microbial contamination was low and non-significant; therefore, correction of ruminal protein degradation is irrelevant with regards to the concentrate that was studied. However, the chemical composition of this feeds resulted in different incubation times to estimate RDP content, and this has to be taken into account in the techniques that are used to determine CP digestibility in the rumen and intestines. The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate whether a reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) content affects animal performance, energy and protein requirements, N losses, and enteric methane emission in finishing Nellore bulls. Twenty-six animals, with an average age of 20 ± 1.0 months and initial body weight (BW) of 296 ± 8.1 kg were used in this experiment. Four animals were used as baseline reference animals and were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. Four animals were fed at maintenance level (MAIN), whereas 18 bulls were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 in each group) and were randomly assigned to the treatments consisting of three levels of CP in the diets: 10, 12, and 14% of CP. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered to evaluate their chemical body composition, energy and protein requirements, and carcass characteristics. A linear effect was observed for dietary CP level on CP intake and digestibility, while greater values were obtained for animals that were fed 14% CP. Nitrogen metabolism was affected by CP levels, where animals that were fed 12 and 14% CP had greater urinary N losses than those that were fed 10% CP. There was no effect of CP level on retained N, animal performance, and carcass characteristics among diets, and there was no effect of CP level on microbial efficiency and CH 4 emissions. Thus, this study showed that for finishing bulls, the level of dietary CP did not interfere with muscle deposition and greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction of CP content in diets does not affect DM intake, animal performance, and carcass characteristics, thereby suggesting that the use of 10% of CP in diets for finishing bulls reduces their environmental impact due to a lower urinary N excretion than 12 and 14% CP-based diets. Animals that were fed 10, 12, and 14% CP diets had emissions equivalent to 3,893; 3,755; and 4,255 g d -1 of CO 2 , respectively, and no difference was observed among diets. Furthermore, methane emission is not affected by CP levels ranging between 10 to 14% which, on average, is 16.3 g kg -1 of DM intake. Our study found that a decreased CP level did not influence animal performance, but it did decrease N losses in manure without affecting methane emissions. However, it is important to highlight that more studies are necessary to confirm these results.