Aplicação superficial de calcário: até onde migram e até quando persistem os efeitos no perfil do solo?

• Ano de defesa: 2014
• Autor(a) principal: Gonzatto, Renan
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; BR; Agronomia; UFSM; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo
• Palavras-chave em Português: Alumínio tóxico; Eficiência da calagem; Reacidificação; Efeito residual do calcário; Sistema plantio direto; Aluminum toxicity; Liming efficiency; Re-acidification; Residual effect of lime; No-tillage system; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA
• Link de acesso: http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5626

Soil acidity is a major limiting factor in crop production. The low solubility of lime is a critical limitation which restricts its dissolution as well as neutralization of soil acidity in the vicinity of its particles. This study aimed to monitor the lime vertical movement and its persistence effects along the soil profile and also to evaluate the influence of lime application methods on the re-acidification process in a long term. Two field experiments were installed in the experimental field area of the Federal University of Santa Maria. The first was installed on a Rhodic Paleudalf soil, and last tillage was carried out on April, 1988 with lime application to increase the 0-20 cm soil layer pH up to 6.0 and thereafter adopted as no-tillage system (NTS). In October 1994, a need for reapplication of lime (3.6 Mg ha-1) was noticed. Therefore, it was decided to install the experiment under following treatments: no lime; a full dose in 1994; a half dose (applied in 1994, 1996 and 1998) and a third dose (applied in 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998) in total 0, 3.6, 5.4 and 6.0 Mg ha-1, respectively. The second study was carried out on a Hapludalf under natural pasture with high potential acidity. The main plot consisted of liming, surface or mixed, while the subplots of lime (October 1994) were: 0.0; 2.0; 8.5 and 17.0 (recommended dose to raise pH up to 6.0) Mg ha-1. The dose of 2 Mg ha-1 was surface reapplication during years 1996, 1998 and 2000, with a total of 8 Mg ha-1. In both experiments, in October 2006 and 2012 i.e., after 144 and 216 months of experiment installation, a trench for each plot was developed and soil sample were collected at each 1cm form 1 to 10 cm depth, at each 2.5 cm from 10 to 25 cm depth, at each 5 cm from 25 to 50 cm depth and last from 50 to 60 cm soil layer. In each soil layer, certain chemical attributes were monitored which were associated to the soil acidity. The results showed that even after 24 years of without reapplication of limestone, the release of exchangeable Al and increased potential soil acidity was not enough to reach the levels of soil acidity near to those values observed for the soil (control) in its natural condition. The Liming promotes the formation of an alkalizing medium on the soil surface that slowly advanced to the deeper layers of the soil profile thus softening the acidity of the soil up to 60 cm depth. Lime incorporation accelerated these reaction and thus neutralizing soil acidity rapidly in the layer where the soil was mobilized. The deeper layers where incorporation of lime was not conducted, the remaining products of the dissolution of limestone slowly migrate to the deeper layers of the soil profile in a similar fashion to what occurs when limestone is applied to the soil surface without incorporation. Liming followed by mixing prior to the adoption of the NTS ensures that the soil, especially in subsoil do not present constraints to the development of the root system of plants. So it is concluded that the soil acidity as a result of re-acidification process can be easily neutralized by liming.