Reforma agrária no Brasil: a reforma (im)possível

• Ano de defesa: 2021
• Autor(a) principal: Cabral, Alysson André Oliveira
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Brasil; Geografia; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia; UFPB
• Palavras-chave em Português: Reforma agrária; Campesinato; Territórios de Esperança; Agrarian reform; Peasantry; Territories of hope; Réforme agraire; Paysannerie; Territoires de l'espoir; CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::GEOCIENCIAS
• Link de acesso: https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24010

This thesis aims to analyze the Agrarian Reform policy in Brazil. The starting point is to identify the origin of the formation of the capitalist state and its relationship with the defense of private property and the maintenance of the class structure. Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, in the 17th century, already defended the idea that the State exists to protect property. The research also seeks to analyze the origin of the latifundium and the agrarian oligarchy in Brazil; to study the performance of the State as a moderating agent of social conflicts through public policies, with emphasis on the Agrarian Reform policy; to raise discussions on the agrarian issue and the need for reform in the land structure, based on the concepts of geographical space and territory; punctuate the advances, setbacks and limits of the Agrarian Reform policy, especially in the period when the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), which historically had defended this banner and supported the struggle of landless rural workers, occupied the federal executive and, contradictorily, helped to strengthen landowners; trace the trajectory of the peasant struggle for access to land, which demonstrates that the peasantry is a class that fights for survival in an adverse environment and, despite being seen as a remnant of archaic economic regimes and, therefore, condemned to disappearance, reaffirms its importance for the reproduction of capitalist society; and to discuss the peasant experience in the construction of territories of hope, which are spaces occupied by peasants in which characteristics of transition are observed between the traditional model, the territories of exploitation, and the utopian territory, in which the elements of subordination would be completely abolished. From extensive bibliographic research, it was found that, in Brazil, the barriers of the latifundium to the expansion of capitalism have been circumvented in such a way that Agrarian Reform is postponed indefinitely. The discussion or adoption of any public policy that intends to change the country's land structure has been banned by an agrobourgeois alliance. Economic policy decisions and political-institutional resistance, in addition to limiting the State's reformist capacity, strengthen political and economic groups opposed to the workers' struggle, as observed in PT governments, closed by a coup articulated by the Agro-bourgeois alliance. Since then, there has been an accelerated process of dismantling the institutional structure responsible for the policies of Agrarian Reform, defense of the Environment and Labor, and an increase in historical violence against the people of the countryside. On another front, a field research sought to investigate how families living in settlement projects in the municipality of Sapé (PB), created in the 1990s, organize themselves, what they produce, how they produce, how they trade, in short, how they reproduce. The investigation revealed that, with relative autonomy, the settlers develop subsistence activities, but also new relationships with capital, especially sugar and alcohol, which monopolizes a significant part of the territory and is responsible for the main source of income for families. Despite the contradictions observed, the creation of the settlements provided an improvement in living conditions, somehow ensuring peasant reproduction, with the permanence of families in these territories, as well as the supply of raw materials and labor power for the sugar mills and alcohol in the region. The conclusion is that a policy that changes the agrarian space can only occur in a broader context of social change, that is, under the hegemony of capital, there is no space in Brazil for the adoption of an effective Agrarian Reform policy, which deconcentrates the ownership of the land and allows the peasantry to organize production autonomously. The continuity of the peasant struggle, based on family, community, belief, cultural identity is the way to build this space.