Aportes de água e nutrientes para o sistema estuarino da Baía De Vitória (ES) : subsídios para a gestão ambiental integrada

• Ano de defesa: 2016
• Autor(a) principal: Teubner Junior, Fernando Jakes
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; BR; Doutorado em Oceanografia Ambiental; UFES; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental
• Palavras-chave em Português: Contínuo flúvio-estuarino; Sistema Estuarino da Grande Vitória; DPSIR; Gestão integrada; Fluvial and estuarine continuum; Vitória Bay Estuarine System; Integrated management; Ciências Ambientais; 55
• Link de acesso: http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9150

The Vitória Bay Estuarine System - SEBV (42 km2 ) is located in the south central portion of the state of Espírito Santo, part of the municipalities of Vitória, Vila Velha, Cariacica and Serra. The Vitória Bay is the main component of the estuarine system. A set of 10 watersheds (1,925 km2 ), especially the Rio Santa Maria da Vitoria - SMV (1,563.3 km2), drain into the SEBV. The aim of this study was to estimate the hydrological flows and watershed nutrients to the estuarine system and understand the relationships between these flows, the evolution of land use and occupation of the tributary watersheds and the change in water quality of estuary. This information supported the evaluation of existing governance actions and their effectiveness, and to propose improvements. The occupation around the SEBV features a range of environmental and cultural characteristics that often show incompatible. Environmental degradation is confirmed from different studies in SEBV that found contamination of water and sediments by heavy metals, hydrocarbons and enteric microorganisms. The watersheds to SEBV are subject to a large number of grant applications of water resources, and conflicting uses. The SMV watershed is responsible for 80% of hydrological flows that contribute to SEBV. Watersheds comprise two groups: urban and densely populated; and rural with low population density and forests remainings. The estimated emissions of N and P from the watersheds to the SEBV correspond to 10,783.7 and 5,480.4 ton.year-1, respectively, with the SMV watershed responsible for 80 and 89 % of N and P, respectively. The Canal da passage Sul was responsible for smaller contributions, with 1.1 and 0.6 % of the total N and P, respectively. When normalized by area, the higher emissions are associated with the Praia da Costa e Canal waterhed - PC, 20.1 and 5.5 ton.km-².year-1 to N and P, respectively. Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 97 and 99 % of total emissions of N and P, respectively, with livestock activities generating 74.5 % of N and 88.0% of P. Urban expansion occurred in the Grande Vitória Metropolitan Region in the period 1970- 2010 resulted in the loss of natural areas (e.g., forests) and semi-natural (e.g, agriculture and pasture), and increase of urban-industrial areas. The State Government and municipalities have water management in action, together with the watershed committees and different sectors of society. However, the results of governance are not satisfactory, resulting in impairment of environmental quality and availability of water quality and quantity for the maintenance of ecosystem services in watersheds and SEBV. The implemented programs have long delays between their formulation and its implementation, as well as delays in implementation. The low adherence of the population, as well as scarce mentions the integration of fluvial and estuarine continuum, and the lack of knowledge of causeeffect of watersheds flow to the estuary, are factors that compromise the integrated viii management in watersheds and SEBV. The DPSIR proved effective as a method for integrating the results obtained, in order to understand how the morphometric variables, specific flow rate, population density, productive activities, N and P emissions estimates and the development and land use in the watersheds may affect the environmental quality of SEBV, supporting the development of management responses. Agriculture, urbanization and industrialization, water catchment for irrigation and human and industrial consumption were considered the main drivers in watersheds and SEBV, resulting in pressures such as deforestation, increased anthropogenic nutrient loading, dumping of solid waste, sewage and industrial wastewater, water withdrawal, transposition of watersheds and river damming. As management strategies are proposed regulatory, legislative, corrective, compensatory and preventive actions. From the results, it appears that the current situation of environmental quality found in SEBV and watersheds points to an extremely worrying situation, a condition which we do not see changes in the medium term and that has worsened over the past few years. A set of programs running projects a favorable scenario to reverse this situation in the coming years, if they are hired.