Determinação dos índices de sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo do litoral da ilha de São Tomé

• Ano de defesa: 2010
• Autor(a) principal: Castro, Aline Capela Fernandes de
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: http://www.teses.ufc.br/
• Palavras-chave em Português: Engenharia do petróleo; Gerenciamento costeiro
• Link de acesso: http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/1702

Accidental oil spills at sea cause irreversible damage to the environment, to better predict and treat casualties in the last decades many countries have contingency plans, risk assessment and surveillance in combating marine oil pollution. Initially, these plans were based only on observation, data collection in situ and laboratory experiments. In 1976 an index of sensitivity was created to determine the impact of oil through which the different coastal ecosystems were mapped and ranked on a scale of relative sensitivity known as Letter of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Spill (Letters ARE), (NOAA,1997).For drafting the Charter of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Spill in the area was adopted a methodology based on technical specifications and standards set by the Coastal NOOA Sevice, adapted by the Ministry of Environment (MMA 2002) for the Brazilian coast. For the development of SAO Letters of Sao Tome it was used the studies on lithological composition, types of beach morphology, hydrological parameters, substrate composition, natural resources and activities in each sector of the coast, who were instrumental in the classification and characterization of the degree of Environmental risk coastal compartiments, relative to various indices of environmental sensitivity. The coastal region of Sao Tome is characterized by having sandy bottoms, rocky, muddy areas and areas with development of coral reefs. Areas were characterized as a sensitivity index (ISL1) shown on the beaches of the city of Neves in the north of the country with artificial structures, the terminal discharge of fuel. In the event of spillage of oil to stay will be of short term duration and the removal of natural way. Index 2 (ISL2) characterized by beaches and rocky shores that have rocks outcropping in estirâncio, waterproof substrate prevents the penetration of oil and the thin layer of sediment that sometimes accumulates at the base of the escarpment, is removed by stormy waves.Index 3 (ISL3) submitting semi-permeable substrates, low penetration / burial of oil, typical of dissipative beaches with coarse sand, medium and fine remobilized by wave action. Index 4 (ISL4) characterized by substrates of medium permeability, moderate penetration / burial of oil, which occurs in dissipative beaches of coarse sand, found on the beach Largato.The penetration of oil is about 25 cm deep, the mobility of sediment tends to landfill by requiring the handling of large volumes of sediment. The impacts on intertidal biota can be severe. Index ISL 6 6 presents high permeability substrates, high penetration / burial of oil, which occurs in the shingle beach (pebbles and boulders in this case, the percolation of oil is about 100 cm, and gravel beaches have the highest level high impact due to the ease and depth of percolation of oil and the consequent difficulty of removal. Cleaning can be difficult due to the large penetration depth of the oil and low traffic, blasting with water can be a partial solution in rockfill. Index 8 (ISL8) features waterproof and moderately permeable substrates, sheltered, with abundant epifaunal occurring rockfill (“ rip-rap” and other artificial structures not smooth. Index 10 (ISL10) found in wetlands whit vegetation above water, accurs in malanza mangroves in the south of the island. The identification of rates of sensitivity and the drafting of the letters indicated the presence of area below and areas with high susceptibility to oil spills in the coastal region of the country