Variabilidade genética, bionomia e avaliação de colônias de Tetragonisca angustula e Tetragonisca weyrauchi (Hymenoptera: Apidae) no Estado de Rondônia

• Ano de defesa: 2016
• Autor(a) principal: Ronqui, Ludimilla
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia; UEM; Maringá, PR; Centro de Ciências Agrárias
• Palavras-chave em Português: Abelhas; Avaliação genética; Microssatélites; Melhoramento genético; Criação e manutenção; Manejo; Amazônia; Brasil.; Bees; management; microsatellite; Amazonia; Brazil.; Ciências Agrárias; Zootecnia
• Link de acesso: http://repositorio.uem.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/1650

This study had as objective to evaluate the genetic diversity of bees (Tetragonisca angustula and Tetragonisca weyrauchi) by means of microsatellite marker and PCR-RFLP, as well as the architectural features of the nests, the nidification place and the development of the colonies. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity some worker bees were collected from nests in Cacoal, Ji-Paraná, Jaru, Ariquemes, Cacaulândia, Monte Negro, Alto Paraíso and Porto Velho - Rondônia state. After isolating DNA, tests were performed with nine microsatellite primers. The success in the amplification and in the presence of Polymorphism occurred with four primers: (T3-32, Mbi33, Mbi254 and Tang 77) two species were selected for analysis because they demonstrate quality in the amplification of the loci. For PCR-RFLP marker, tests were carried out with ten pairs of heterologous primers that amplified different regions of the mitochondrial DNA, though, four primers (primer 1 - ND2 and COI; primer 2 - COI; primer 8 - 16S and 12S and primer 9 - COII) were used in this study. For restriction analysis of the amplified regions 13 enzymes were tested: EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, HinfI, RsaI, PstI, XbaI, HaeIII, ClaI, XhoI, BglII, PvuII and ScaI. In order to evaluate the development, different thicknesses and dimensions were used in Fernando Oliveira/INPA model hives, which were set in the town of Alto Paraíso - Rondônia state. From the analysis of the four primers of the microsatellite marker results, the highest heterozygosity values observed were estimated to site Tang77 of T. angustula (0,1333). The heterozygosity values expected greater than those heterozygosity observed and the positive values of FIS indicated that there is excess of homozygotes. The populations analyzed are moderately differentiated according to the estimated value of FST. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that 9% of the variation occurred among populations and 91% within populations. Analysis by Bayesian inference using Monte Carlo method by Markov chains (MCMC) did not separate the two kinds of Tetragonisca analyzed. The results using marker PCR-RFLP allowed to identify the primer 1 - (ND2, IOC) a fragment of approximately 2400 bp in T. angustula and T. weyrauchi. With the analysis of restriction endonuclease the fragment cleavage with EcoRI and EcoRV enzyme was verified. For region (IOC) primer 2 the two species amplified a fragment corresponding to about 1850 bp. Cleavage was verified with the EcoRV enzyme only in T. angustula individuals. However the cleavage with enzyme HinfI was observed in both species. The amplification of the primer 8 region (16S, 12S) generated two fragments (1850 bp and 350 bp), and the cleavage was observed in both species with the enzymes EcoRV, RsaI, PstI. Whereas enzyme XbaI cleaved in T. weyrauchi only. The amplification of the primer 9 region (IOC) showed a fragment of 1000 bp. The cleavage occurred with the enzyme ClaI and HinfI to T. angustula. The genetic identity value observed among populations was (0.3636) and the genetic distance was equal to 1.0116. The analysis by Bayesian inference estimated the real number of populations, K = 5. The architectural features of the nests discs with 6-11 cm were observed in T. angustula, in T. weyrauchi the average for the size of the disks was 11 cm. The nidification in T. angustula was recorded in tree and on the ground, while in T. weyrauchi they were found in fork trees. The nest with the smallest recorded weight was 50 g (T. angustula), whereas the highest was 250 g (T. weyrauchi). In T. weyrauchi nests, an observation not listed on the bionomics of the species was made, at the bottom of the nests a dumpster was found, where a large number of dead bees were deposited. A large number of colony loss was recorded during the experiment. The statistical analyzes conducted with GLM to T. angustula and T. weyrauchi indicated that there are significant differences between the hives. From the results found, it is concluded that the populations of evaluated bees the microsatellite markers used were not efficient in separating the two species. The variation detected with DNA analysis by PCR-RFLP of the two species of jataí showed that there are differences in mtDNA between the two species. These populations are well separated allowing us to observe that they have distinct pattern of mtDNA markers. And that the nest architecture differs not only in spiracles but also in dump that was recorded for T. weyrauchi. As for nidification, the frequency observed is higher for T. angustula when compared with T. weyrauchi. Hive model Fernando Oliveira / INPA are efficient for production for T. angustula, but are not suitable for T. weyrauchi.