Análise filogenética de Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Hylidae)

• Ano de defesa: 2010
• Autor(a) principal: Vieira, Katyuscia de Araujo
• Orientador(a): Grant, Taran
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre
• Palavras-chave em Português: BIOLOGIA; ZOOLOGIA; HERPETOLOGIA; ANUROS; FILOGENÉTICA
• Link de acesso: http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5394

The hylid frog genus Sphaenorhynchus is currently composed of 14 species, three of them distributed in the Amazon Basin, ten in the Atlantic Forest and one with unknown distribution. Although some morphological synapomorphies have been proposed for Sphaenorhynchus, compelling evidence of the monophyly for this genus is lacking, and relationships within the genus remain virtually unknown. With the objectives of testing (1) the monophyly of Sphaenorhynchus, (2) the relationships among their species, and (3) the phylogenetic context the evolution of paedomorphosis and oviposition sites, I performed a phylogenetic analysis employing 166 phenotypic characters from 11 species of the Sphaenorhynchus plus 12 outgroup taxa, as well as DNA sequences of 12S, tRNA valine, 16S and cytochrome b for eight representatives of Sphaenorhynchus and 22 outgroup taxa. In the total evidence analysis the monophyly of Sphaenorhynchus was supported by a Goodman- Bremer (GB) value of 20 and diagnosed by 24 phenotypic transformations and 62 genotypic transformations, with S. pauloalvini being the sister species of all other species of Sphaenorhynchus. Sphaenorhynchus carneus forms a clade with the other species of the genus (except S. pauloalvini) supported by GB of 17 and 20 phenotypic transformations. The two Amazonian species (S. lacteus and S. dorisae) are monophyletic and are placed within the species of Atlantic Forest. Sphaenorhynchus prasinus is the sister species of the clade composed of S. palustris, S. bromelicola, S. orophilus, S. surdus and S. caramaschii. The relationship between these species is not defined in the total evidence analysis.However, in the analysis of only phenotypic data S. palustris is the sister species of the remaining species and S. bromelicola is sister species of the clade S. orophilus, S. surdus and S. caramaschii. In the analysis of phenotypic data S. surdus is grouped with S. caramaschii, but in the analysis of genotypic data it falls with the S. orophilus. The evolution of paedomorphosis in Sphaenorhynchus is ambiguous. The inclusion S. botocudo and S. mirim and the resolution of the position of S. palustris and S. bromelicola are necessary for improve understanding of the evolution of this character within the genus. The deposition of eggs in water is an ancestral state relative to the deposition of eggs on the leaves, which may have arisen as a synapomorphy for Sphaenorhynchus or appeared independently in S. carneus and S. pauloalvini, with the deposition of eggs in bromeliads being facultative for S. surdus.