Filogenia dos peixes-agulha da familia Belonidae (Atherinomorphae: Beloniformes)

• Ano de defesa: 2011
• Autor(a) principal: Sant’Anna, Vivianne Bernardo de
• Orientador(a): Reis, Roberto Esser dos
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Tipo de acesso: Acesso aberto
• Idioma: por
• Instituição de defesa: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre
• Palavras-chave em Português: ZOOLOGIA; ICTIOLOGIA; PEIXES; FILOGENIA
• Link de acesso: http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5297

The Belonidae includes 48 species of fishes that share an elongated body, dorsal and anal fins displaced posteriorly, pelvic fin with six rays, and thin, elongate jaws with large conical teeth. Despite the great morphological homogeneity, molecular techniques have suggested that Belonidae is not monophyletic. In order to test the monophyly of Belonidae, this study was designed to perform a comprehensive, total evidence phylogenetic analysis of the family. To accomplish that, we performed a maximum parsimony analysis, without differential character weighting, based on a matrix of 257 morphological characters and 4808 base pairs from seven DNA fragments (nuclear - RAG2, CK and TMO-4C4 and mitochondrial - 12S, 16S, ATPase 6 and 8, citb) encoded for 104 terminal taxa. The ingroup included all valid species of living and fossil Belonidae and representative populations of some species that are widely distributed. The outgroup was selected to include almost all genera of Beloniformes and three representatives of the Cyprinodontiformes. The analysis resulted in nine most parsimonious trees with 8465 steps (CI = 0. 35, RI = 0. 67).Our results corroborate the monophyly of the order Beloniformes, the superfamily Scomberesocoidea, and the families Exocoetidae, Scomberesocidae, and Zenarchopteridae, and refute the monophyly of the superfamily Exocoetoidea and the families Belonidae and Hemiramphidae. For this reason we propose a new composition for the family Belonidae, with the inclusion of the genera presently in Scomberesocidae. This new classification restores the monophyly of the Belonidae, which is strongly supported by 20 molecular and 19 morphological synapomorphies. The newly arranged family Belonidae consists of 14 genera distributed in four subfamilies: Beloninae, Platybeloninae, Potamorrhaphinae, and Strongylurinae. All belonid genera are monophyletic, with the exception of Strongylura, which needs to have its species allocated in four genera to be restored monophyletic: Strongylura, Dorybelone, and two new genera. Phylogenetic diagnoses are presented for all subfamilies and genera, and hypotheses for the evolution of major morphological characters are discussed.