Efeitos da azitromicina da nimesulida e sua associação, sobre parâmetros comportamentais, endócrinos ebioquímicos em peixes-zebra (Danio rerio) adultos
Kaydedildi:
| Yazar: | |
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| Yayın Tarihi: | 2025 |
| Materyal Türü: | Doctoral thesis |
| Dil: | por |
| Kaynak: | Repositório Institucional da UPF |
| Download full: | https://repositorio.upf.br/handle/123456789/10054 |
Özet: | Emerging contaminants, such as human pharmaceuticals, have been frequently detected in aquatic environments, raising concerns about their effects on non-target organisms. Azithromycin (AZT), an antibiotic, and nimesulide (NIME), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are widely used and commonly discarded into the environment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to AZT, NIME, and their combination on behavioral, endocrine, and biochemical parameters in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). The fish were exposed for four consecutive days to solutions of AZT (12.5 μg mL⁻¹), NIME (0.4 μg mL⁻¹) alone, and a combination of both. Behavior in the novel tank test (NTT), light-dark test (LDT), and social preference test (SPT) was evaluated, as well as body cortisol levels, as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), non-protein (NTP) levels, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain and whole body. AZT alone increased cortisol levels (p<0.05) but induced minimal behavioral changes. Exposure to AZT+NIME intensified behavioral impairments and further increased cortisol levels (p<0.01) compared to the control. In the NTT test, significant interactions were observed between the drugs, with reduced locomotion and time in the upper zone in the treated groups. In the LDT, the NIME group showed a greater number of entries into the light zone and a higher movement rate, and the combination also induced an increase in the turning angle. In the SPT, no statistical differences were observed, although the AZT group demonstrated convergence toward lower sociability. Biochemically, NIME promoted an increase in TBARS levels throughout the body, increasing oxidative damage. AChE activity showed distinct modulation: it was inhibited in the brain by NIME, while it increased throughout the body in response to AZT and the drug combination. The increase in CAT observed in the combined group may be associated with a compensatory mechanism against the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In turn, the increased NTP levels with NIME and the combination may reflect changes in glutathione metabolism, possibly related to the inhibition or modulation of enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, rather than representing an adaptive response to oxidative stress. The observed responses suggest distinct and interactive mechanisms of action between the drugs, impacting the endocrine stress axis, locomotor activity, and modulation of the cholinergic and redox systems in zebrafish, highlighting the ecological risk associated with the simultaneous presence of these drugs in the aquatic environment. |
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