A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Debut, Vincent
Data de Publicação: 2017
Outros Autores: Carvalho, Miguel Eduardo Portela de Matos, Antunes, José
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/10362/36756
Resumo: UID/EAT/00472/2013 SFRH/BD/91435/2012
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spelling A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to ScienceBells soundBell DesignTuning TechniquesInnovative strategies3D-scan imaging technologyPhysical moddelingComputational methodsUID/EAT/00472/2013 SFRH/BD/91435/2012The sound of a bell presents numerous partials resulting from its vibrational modes. Since the 17th century, it is commonly accepted among bellfounders, that to sound pure and clear, the first five partials (at least) of a bell must fall into specific musical frequency ratios, established at 0.5:1:1.2:1.5:2. Beyond this internal tuning, for carillons, bellfounders must also correctly tune their bells in relation to each other, in order to form a musical scale and provide a musical instrument able to play melodies and chords. Other peculiarity of bells sounds stems from the bell near-axial symmetry. Actually, during casting, the presence of slight defects in symmetry is unavoidable, which breaks the degeneracy of the normal modes and leads to audible beats in the radiated sound, a phenomenon which is usually referred to as warble by campanologists. On top of all this, the perceived pitch of a bell is a delicate phenomenon, related to psychoacoustic effects, which may correspond to a modal frequency or arise as a virtual pitch. Even today, the nature of the so-called bell strike-note is still a topic of debate. One therefore easily understands the complexity of designing and tuning carillon bells. The evolution carillons face until they become musical instruments results from more than ten centuries of gradual transformation and development. It is based on the founders experience, acquired by trial and error, and has benefited from the increasing scientific interest for the phenomenon of bell partials. The secrecy under which such knowledge was kept is also another reason why there has been only a few bell founders capable of successfully casting and tuning carillons throughout the history. Nowadays, following the advances in structural dynamics modelling and computational techniques, bells can be designed on a scientific basis, the casting process can be fully monitored, and tuning can be accurately achieved by coupling physical modelling and optimization algorithms. Based on an extensive bibliographical research, we provide in this paper an overview of bell design and tuning techniques, since its early stages of empiricism to the most recent scientific advances. Our work sums up and complements the scarce existing literature on bell tuning, and presents innovative strategies for assessing and improving the tuning of bells, using 3D-scan imaging technology, physical modelling and computational methods.Instituto de Etnomusicologia - Centro de Estudos em Música e Dança (INET-MD - NOVA FCSH)RUNDebut, VincentCarvalho, Miguel Eduardo Portela de MatosAntunes, José2018-05-11T22:14:16Z2017-06-202017-06-20T00:00:00Zconference objectinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion1application/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/36756engPURE: 3376230info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)instname:FCCN, serviços digitais da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologiainstacron:RCAAP2024-05-22T17:32:47Zoai:run.unl.pt:10362/36756Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireinfo@rcaap.ptopendoar:https://opendoar.ac.uk/repository/71602025-05-28T17:03:41.254715Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP) - FCCN, serviços digitais da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologiafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
title A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
spellingShingle A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
Debut, Vincent
Bells sound
Bell Design
Tuning Techniques
Innovative strategies
3D-scan imaging technology
Physical moddeling
Computational methods
title_short A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
title_full A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
title_fullStr A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
title_full_unstemmed A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
title_sort A Review of Bell Design and Tuning Techniques from Magic to Science
author Debut, Vincent
author_facet Debut, Vincent
Carvalho, Miguel Eduardo Portela de Matos
Antunes, José
author_role author
author2 Carvalho, Miguel Eduardo Portela de Matos
Antunes, José
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Instituto de Etnomusicologia - Centro de Estudos em Música e Dança (INET-MD - NOVA FCSH)
RUN
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Debut, Vincent
Carvalho, Miguel Eduardo Portela de Matos
Antunes, José
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Bells sound
Bell Design
Tuning Techniques
Innovative strategies
3D-scan imaging technology
Physical moddeling
Computational methods
topic Bells sound
Bell Design
Tuning Techniques
Innovative strategies
3D-scan imaging technology
Physical moddeling
Computational methods
description UID/EAT/00472/2013 SFRH/BD/91435/2012
publishDate 2017
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2017-06-20
2017-06-20T00:00:00Z
2018-05-11T22:14:16Z
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv conference object
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10362/36756
url http://hdl.handle.net/10362/36756
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv PURE: 3376230
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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application/pdf
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instname_str FCCN, serviços digitais da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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collection Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
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