Selection of xerotolerant rhizobacteria to promote eucalyptus growth and minicuttings rooting - Moreno, Ariane Maria Rizzoli (2024)
SUMMARY GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chapter I .............................................................................................................. 17 IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON EUCALYPTUS FORESTS: HOW MICROORGANISMS CAN HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE TOLERANT SEEDLINGS: REVIEW 1. Climate Change: drought ................................................................................. 18 2. Eucalyptus forests .............................................................................................. 19 3. Impact of drought on eucalyptus forests...................................................... 20 4. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) mechanisms that aid drought tolerance................................................................................................... 21 5. Inhibition of phytopathogens by bacteria: an essential action under water deficit conditions...................................................................................................... 30 6. Rooting of eucalyptus minicuttings by rhizobacteria, essential development for drought-tolerant seedlings............................................................................ 32 7. The use of microorganisms in the agricultural and forestry sectors to mitigate the effects of drought.............................................................................. 34 8. Conclusions and Perspectives ........................................................................36 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................37 Chapter II........................................................................................................................48 IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISMS PERFORMED BY RHIZOBACTERIA TO PROMOTE DROUGHT TOLERANCE ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 49 1. INTRODUTION .................................................................................................. 51 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................52 2.1. Ability of rhizobacteria to tolerate low precipitation and high salinity environments............................................................................................................52 2.1.1. Identification of xerotolerant rhizobacteria......................................... 52 2.1.2. Identification of halotolerant rhizobacteria .......................................53 2.2. Direct mechanisms for drought tolerance ..............................................54 2.2.3. N fixation in NFb and JNFb media........................................................ 55 2.2.4. Phosphate solubilisation........................................................................... 55 2.2.5. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production..................................................... 56 2.3. Indirect mechanisms for drought tolerance.............................................. 56 2.3.1. Ammonia (NH3) production assay........................................................... 56 2.3.2. Siderophore production ............................................................................... 57 2.3.3. Cellulase production ..................................................................................... 57 2.3.4. Chitinase production ...................................................................................... 58 2.3.5. Hydrogen cyanide production (HCN) ....................................................... 58 2.3.6. Antagonisms assays ........................................................................................ 59 2.3.6.1. Antagonism by direct confrontation ....................................................... 59 2.3.6.2. Antagonism by supernatant ....................................................................... 59 2.3.6.3. Antagonism by volatile organic compounds (VOCs)........................ 60 2.4 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................. 60 3. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 60 3.1 Ability of rhizobacteria to tolerate low precipitation and high salinity environments........60 3.1.1. Xerotolerant rhizobacteria............................................................................. 60 3.1.2. Halotolerant rhizobacteria ............................................................................ 62 3.2. Direct mechanisms for drought tolerance .................................................. 65 3.2.1. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production......................................................... 65 3.2.2. Biofilm formation assay ................................................................................. 66 3.2.3. N fixation in NFb and JNFb media .............................................................. 68 3.2.4. Phosphate solubilisation ................................................................................ 70 3.2.5. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production ....................................................... 73 3.3. Indirect mechanisms for drought tolerance ................................................ 74 3.3.1. Ammonia (NH3) production assay ............................................................. 74 3.3.2. Siderophore Production ............................................................................... 75 3.3.3. Cellulase production ...................................................................................... 77 3.3.4. Chitinase production ...................................................................................... 79 3.3.5. Hydrogen cyanide production (HCN) ...................................................... 80 3.3.6. Antagonisms assays ...................................................................................... 80 3.3.6.1. Antagonism by direct confrontation ...................................................... 80 3.3.6.2. Antagonism by supernatant ..................................................................... 82 3.3.6.3. Antagonism by volatile organic compounds (VOCs)........................ 84 4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 86 4.1 Ability of rhizobacteria to tolerate low precipitation and high salinity environments ..... 87 4.2 Direct mechanisms for drought tolerance .................................................... 88 4.3 Indirect mechanisms for drought tolerance ................................................ 90 5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 92 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 93 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ................................................................................ 97 Chapter III ....................................................................................................................... 99 PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF EUCALYPTUS CLONES IN A FOREST NURSERY UNDER WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS THROUGH RHIZOBACTERIAL INOCULATION ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 100 1. INTRODUTION ................................................................................................. 102 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................... 103 2.1 Preparation of rhizobacteria inoculants .................................................... 103 2.2 Preparation of eucalyptus seedlings ......................................................... 104 2.3 Experiment assembly...................................................................................... 104 2.4 Morphological and nutritional evaluation ............................................... 105 2.5 Statistical analyses .......................................................................................... 107 3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 107 3.1 Morphological characteristics of eucalyptus clones under water reductions ................. 107 3.1.1 Leaf number, branching, collar diameter, and height of VM01 clone ........................ 107 3.1.2 Root, shoot and total dry mass of VM01 clone under water reductions ..................... 108 3.1.3 Leaf number, branching, collar diameter, and height of I144 clone ........................... 112 3.1.4 Root, shoot and total dry mass of I144 clone under water reductions......................... 112 3.2 Principal component analysis: effect of rhizobacteria inoculation on eucalyptus nutrition under water reductions............................................................................................................. 114 3.2.1 VM01 clone ............................................................................................. 114 3.2.2 I144 Clone ................................................................................................ 116 4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 117 4.1 Morphological characteristics of eucalyptus clones under water reductions ................. 117 4.2 Effect of rhizobacteria inoculation on eucalyptus nutrition under water reductions ...... 118 5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................120 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 122 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ........................................................................ 125 Chapter IV ............................................................................................................... 140 POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERIA IN IMPROVING ROOTING OF MINICUTTINGS OF CLONES VM01 (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and I144 (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) IN GREENHOUSE ROOTING ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 141 1. INTRODUTION ................................................................................................. 143 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................... 144 2.1 Compatibility between rizobacterial isolates ........................................ 144 2.2 Rhizobacterial inoculants ............................................................................ 145 Assembling the Rooting Experiment ............................................................... 145 2.4 Determination of rooting time in a greenhouse rooting ..................... 147 2.5 Determination of root variables ................................................................ 147 2.6 Statistical analysis ........................................................................................ 148 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 148 3.1 Compatibility test between rhizobacterial isolates ........................... 148 3.2 VM01 Clone .................................................................................................... 149 3.2.1 Percentage and rooting efficiency of minicuttings........................... 149 3.2.2 Morphological characteristics of the root system ............................ 151 3.2.2.1 Length (cm), diameter (mm) and distribution of root length by diameter class ....... 151 3.2.2.2. Projected area (cm2), surface area (cm2) and root volume (cm3) .......................... 153 3.2.2.3 Average root dry mass ..................................................................... 154 3.2.3 Development of the aerial part during the 35 days in the greenhouse rooting ............ 155 3.3 I144 Clone ........................................................................................................155 3.3.1 Percentage and rooting efficiency of minicuttings ........................... 155 3.3.2 Morphological characteristics of the root system ........................... 157 3.3.2.1 Length (cm), diameter (mm) and distribution of root length by diameter class ....... 157 3.3.2.2. Projected area (cm2), surface area (cm2) and root volume (cm3) ............................ 159 3.3.2.3 Average root dry mass ............................................................................ 160 3.3.3 Development of the aerial part during the 35 days in the greenhouse rooting ............ 161 4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 161 4.1 Rooting efficiency of VM01 and I144 clones ............................................ 161 4.2 Morphological characteristics of the root system ................................. 163 4.3 Rhizobacteria in root development of clones VM01 and I144............164 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 165 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 167